Curious & Fascinating Facts: Michigan (Sources & References)

Read through the list below to dive deeper into the fascinating facts found in this book. Click on the cover to buy the book or to get more details about this edition.

  1. Michigan Legislature. “Michigan History.” Michigan Manual. 2001–2002 session. https://www.legislature.mi.gov/documents/publications/manual/2001-2002/2001-mm-0003-0026-History.pdf 

  2. Ibid.

  3. U.S. Census Bureau. “Quick Facts: Michigan,” accessed November 24, 2024. https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/MI/HCN010217

  4. U.S. Census Bureau. “Michigan,” accessed March 3, 2025. https://data.census.gov/profile/Michigan?g=040XX00US26; Worldometer. “Largest Countries in the World by Area,” accessed March 3, 2025. https://www.worldometers.info/geography/largest-countries-in-the-world/

  5. U.S. Census Bureau. “State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates.” https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/2010/geo/state-area.html

  6. Michigan Economic Development Corporation. “Mount Arvon.” Pure Michigan. https://www.michigan.org/property/mount-arvon

  7. NOAA. “Factsheet: International Great Lakes Datum.” https://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/datum-updates/assets/pdf/igld_2020_factsheet.pdf; Coordinating Committee on Great Lakes Basic Hydraulic and Hydrologic Data. IGLD 1985. 1992. https://www.ijc.org/sites/default/files/C53.pdf

  8. Stateside Staff. “What’s the Tallest Waterfall in Michigan?” Michigan Public NPR. August 10, 2017. https://www.michiganpublic.org/environment-science/2017-08-10/whats-the-tallest-waterfall-in-michigan

  9. State of Michigan. “Ocqueoc Falls Bicentennial Pathway.” Michigan Department of Natural Resources. Accessed April 11, 2025. https://www2.dnr.state.mi.us/parksandtrails/details.aspx?id=51&type=SFPW

  10. State of Michigan. “Michigan Counties.” State of Michigan, accessed November 24, 2024. https://www.michigan.gov/som/about-michigan/michigan-counties

  11. Dickinson County, accessed November 24, 2024. https://www.dickinsoncountymi.gov/

  12. U.S. Census Bureau. “Quick Facts: Detroit city, Michigan,” accessed November 24, 2024. https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/detroitcitymichigan/PST045223

  13. U.S. Census Bureau. “Quick Facts: Lansing city Michigan,” accessed November 24, 2024. https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/lansingcitymichigan/PST045223

  14. Michigan Legislature. “Michigan History.” Michigan Manual. 2001–2002 session; Michigan State Capitol Commission. “Three Capitols.” Michigan State Capitol. Accessed May 12, 2025. https://capitol.michigan.gov/history/three-capitols

  15. Michigan State Capitol Commission. “Three Capitols.” Michigan State Capitol. Accessed May 12, 2025. https://capitol.michigan.gov/history/three-capitols

  16. Ibid.

  17. Laura Weber. “Stevens T. Mason lay in state in Lansing.” WKAR. October 25, 2010. https://www.wkar.org/2010-10-25/stevens-t-mason-lay-in-state-in-lansing; “Stevens T. Mason Monument.” Historic Detroit. Accessed September 1, 2025. https://historicdetroit.org/buildings/stevens-t-mason-monument; Bob Garrett. “The Boy Governor Comes Home.” Michiganology. Accessed September 1, 2025. https://michiganology.org/stories/the-boy-governor-comes-home/

  18. U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce, “Age and Sex,” 2023. American Community Survey, ACS 1-Year Estimates Subject Tables, Table S0101, 2023, accessed on November 24, 2024, https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST1Y2023.S0101?g=040XX00US26.

  19. U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce, “Selected Social Characteristics in the United States,” 2023. American Community Survey, ACS 1-Year Estimates Data Profiles, Table DP02, 2023, accessed on November 24, 2024, https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDP1Y2023.DP02?g=040XX00US26.

  20. U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce, “ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates,” 2023. American Community Survey, ACS 1-Year Estimates Data Profiles, Table DP05, 2023, accessed on November 24, 2024, https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDP1Y2023.DP05?g=040XX00US26.

  21. Ibid.

  22. “Bonita Gibson, Michigan’s Oldest Living Resident, Turns 113.” Gerontology Research Group. Published July 6, 2024, accessed November 24, 2024. https://www.grg-supercentenarians.org/2024/07/06/bonita-gibson-michigans-oldest-living-resident-turns-113/; Ryan Garza. “28-foot potato from Idaho came to Canton to celebrate 114-year-old Bonita Gibson’s birthday.” Detroit Free Press. August 4, 2025.  https://www.freep.com/picture-gallery/news/local/michigan/oakland/2025/08/04/28-foot-big-idaho-potato-truck-visits-114-yr-old-for-her-birthday/85515689007/

  23. “Jeralean Talley, World’s Oldest Person, Dies at 116.” NBC News. June 18, 2015. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/jeralean-talley-oldest-known-living-person-dies-116-n377891

  24. The Editor. “Daniel Gilbert.” Forbes. Accessed November 24, 2024. https://www.forbes.com/profile/daniel-gilbert/; The Detroit News. “8 Michiganians Make Forbes 2023 List of Wealthiest Americans.” The Detroit News. Published October 9, 2023. https://www.detroitnews.com/story/business/2023/10/09/8-michiganians-make-forbes-2023-list-of-wealthiest-americans/71119617007/

  25. Guinness World Records. “Longest marriage ever (different sexes).” Guinness World Records. Accessed April 27, 2025. https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/longest-marriage

  26. City of Hancock. “Big Louie Monument (new Sept).” City of Hancock. Accessed September 1, 2025. https://www.cityofhancock.com/pictorial-view.php?target=149

  27. “Population of Michigan.” Statistical Atlas, accessed November 26, 2024. https://statisticalatlas.com/state/Michigan/Population

  28. “Population of Keweenaw County, Michigan.” Statistical Atlas, accessed November 26, 2024. https://statisticalatlas.com/county/Michigan/Keweenaw-County/Population

  29. Malachi Barrett. September 13, 2021. “Where are Michigan’s fastest-growing cities? See population changes from 2010-2020.” Mlive. https://www.mlive.com/public-interest/2021/08/where-are-michigans-fastest-growing-cities-see-population-changes-from-2010-2020.html

  30. Ibid.

  31. City of Detroit. “Capping off a historic turnaround, Detroit now leads Michigan in population growth.” City of Detroit. Accessed September 1, 2025. https://detroitmi.gov/news/capping-historic-turnaround-detroit-now-leads-michigan-population-growth

  32. State of Michigan. 2024. State Facts and Symbols. https://www.michigan.gov/som/about-michigan/state-facts-and-symbols 

  33. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. “Dwarf Lake Iris.” U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. Accessed May 7, 2025. https://www.fws.gov/species/dwarf-lake-iris-iris-lacustris

  34. Michigan Economic Development Corporation. “Where to Find Petoskey Stones in Michigan.” Pure Michigan. Accessed April 21, 2025. https://www.michigan.org/article/trip-idea/where-find-petoskey-stones-michigan; University of Michigan Museum of Paleontology. “Hexagonaria percarinatum.” LSA Museum of Paleontology. Accessed April 21, 2025. https://lsa.umich.edu/paleontology/resources/beyond-exhibits/hexagonaria-percarinatum.html

  35. Grand Rapids Public Museum. July 16, 2020. “Michigan’s State Gemstone. Grand Rapids Public Museum. Accessed March 28, 2025. https://www.grpm.org/blog/michigans-state-gemstone/

  36. Michigan Department of Natural Resources. “State Record Fish.” Updated on July 3, 2025. Accessed September 1, 2025. https://www.michigan.gov/-/media/Project/Websites/dnr/Documents/Fisheries/misc/state_records.pdf?rev=9b2e542150f54ad9aaa90b832417afcb

  37. Ibid.

  38. State of Michigan. “Brook Trout.” Department of Natural Resources. Accessed May 7, 2025. https://www.michigan.gov/dnr/education/michigan-species/fish-species/brook-trout

  39. Great Lakes Indian Fish and Wildlife Commission. “Manoomin~Wild Rice: The Good Berry.” Brochure. https://www.michiganseagrant.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Goodberry_Brochure.pdf

  40. Lauren Gibbons. “The surprising stories behind Michigan’s state symbols.” Mlive. April 4, 2019. https://www.mlive.com/news/g66l-2019/04/731d5a791e1233/the-surprising-stories-behind-michigans-state-symbols.html; Scott Winters. “’Michigan, My Michigan’ or ‘My Michigan’?” The Grand 98.7. May 23, 2022. https://987thegrand.com/michigans-official-state-song/; Library of Congress. 1961. “Music: January–June 1960.” Catalog of Copyright Entries. Third Series. Vol. 14, part 5, no. 1,  pg. 598. https://archive.org/details/catalogofcopyrig3145lib/page/597/mode/1up?view=theater

  41. Neal Rubin. August 12, 2023. “Michiganders vs. Michiganians — what’s the history, and which one is  better?” The Detroit Free Press. https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/2023/08/12/stories-behind-michigander-versus-michiganian-lead-to-more-controversy/70456800007/

  42. U.S. Department of the Interior. “Origin of Names of US States.” U.S. Department of the Interior: Indian Affairs. Accessed April 2, 2025. https://www.bia.gov/as-ia/opa/online-press-release/origin-names-us-states; Romig, Walter. Michigan Place Names: The History of the Founding and the Naming of More than Five Thousand Past and Present Michigan Communities. Wayne State University Press, 1986.

  43. State of Michigan. “Natural Resources at a Glance.” Department of Natural Resources, accessed March 4, 2025. https://www.michigan.gov/en/dnr/about/natural-resources-at-a-glance

  44. MSU Libraries. “The Evolution of Michigan’s Legal Boundaries.” MSU Libraries Map Library. Accessed March 4, 2025.

  45. State of Michigan. “Natural Resources at a Glance.” Department of Natural Resources, accessed March 4, 2025. https://www.michigan.gov/en/dnr/about/natural-resources-at-a-glance

  46. Ibid.

  47. Dianna Stampfler. October 16, 2019. “Do You Dare Stay the Night at Michigan’s Most Haunted Lighthouse?” MyNorth. https://mynorth.com/2019/10/michigans-most-haunted-lighthouse-big-bay-point-lighthouse/

  48. State of Michigan. “Natural Resources at a Glance.” Department of Natural Resources, accessed March 4, 2025. https://www.michigan.gov/en/dnr/about/natural-resources-at-a-glance; Eric Meier. September 13, 2023. “This Street Corner in Mid-Michigan is Mathematically the Farthest Point from a Great Lake in the State.” WGRD 97.9. https://wgrd.com/ixp/45/p/michigan-point-farthest-from-great-lake/ 

  49. State of Michigan. “Natural Resources at a Glance.” Department of Natural Resources, accessed March 4, 2025. https://www.michigan.gov/en/dnr/about/natural-resources-at-a-glance

  50. Ibid.

  51. State of Michigan. “The Toledo War.” Military and Veterans Affairs. Accessed May 12, 2025. https://www.michigan.gov/dmva/about/history/military-events/highlights/the-toledo-war; “The Toledo War.” Michiganology. Accessed May 12, 2025. https://michiganology.org/stories/the-toledo-war/; Michigan Legislature. “Michigan History.” Michigan Manual 2019-2020. https://www.legislature.mi.gov/Legislature/MichiganManuals?session=2019-2020

  52. Ibid.

  53. State of Michigan. “The Toledo War.” Military and Veterans Affairs. Accessed May 12, 2025. https://www.michigan.gov/dmva/about/history/military-events/highlights/the-toledo-war

  54. Laura Gibbons. “After Generations of Confusion, Michigan, Indiana to Finally Settle Border.” Bridge Michigan. May 16, 2022. https://www.bridgemi.com/michigan-government/after-generations-confusion-michigan-indiana-finally-settle-border; State of Michigan. “Michigan-Indiana State Line Commission.” Licensing and Regulatory Affairs, accessed November 25, 2024. https://www.michigan.gov/lara/bureau-list/bcc/boards-commissions/michigan-indiana-state-line-commission 

  55. State of Michigan. “Natural Resources at a Glance.” Department of Natural Resources, accessed March 4, 2025. https://www.michigan.gov/en/dnr/about/natural-resources-at-a-glance

  56. “History of the Detroit Salt Mine.” Detroit Salt Co. Accessed March 28, 2025. http://detroitsalt.com/history; “Home.” Detroit Salt Co. Accessed September 2, 2025. http://detroitsalt.com/

  57. “Detroit.” Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. Accessed March 28, 2025. https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/city/detroit; “Home.” Detroit Salt Co. Accessed September 2, 2025. http://detroitsalt.com/

  58. Ellis W. Courter in Michigan Copper Country, by Department of Environmental Quality, Office of Geological Survey, 2005. https://www.michigan.gov/-/media/Project/Websites/egle/Documents/Programs/GRMD/Catalog/02/CMG92.PDF?rev=609c71b87a5c4b93a80469874aabbf34; Michigan History Center Staff. “A Short History of Treaties.” Michiganology. Accessed April 2, 2025. https://michiganology.org/stories/a-short-history-of-treaties/; National Park Service. “Timeline of Michigan Copper Mining Prehistory to 1850.” Keweenaw National Historic Park in Michigan. Accessed April 2, 2025. https://www.nps.gov/kewe/learn/historyculture/copper-mining-timeline.htm

  59. Ibid.

  60. Richter, F. E. “The Copper-Mining Industry in the United States, 1845-1925.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 41, no. 2 (1927): 236–91. https://doi.org/10.2307/1883502.

  61. Archives of Michigan Staff. “Michigan Copper.” Michiganology. Accessed September 2, 2025. https://michiganology.org/stories/michigan-copper/; National Park Service. “Timeline of Michigan Copper Mining 1851 to 1900.” National Park Service. Accessed September 2, 2025. https://www.nps.gov/kewe/learn/historyculture/copper-mining-timeline-page-2.htm

  62. World Record Academy. October 6, 2022. “World’s Largest Glacial Float Copper: world record in Marquette, Michigan.” World Record Academy. https://www.worldrecordacademy.org/2022/10/worlds-largest-glacial-float-copper-world-record-in-marquette-michigan-422396; 

  63. Redix, Erik M. “Our Hope and Our Protection”: Misko-biiwaabik (Copper) and Tribal Sovereignty in Michigan.” The American Indian Quarterly 41, no. 3 (2017): 224-249. https://dx.doi.org/10.5250/amerindiquar.41.3.0224; Gustave Lester. 2023. “Native Copper”: Exhibiting Anishinaabe Wealth at the U.S. National Museum – Gustave Lester, 2023 Murrin Prize Honorable Mention.” Posted to Early American Studies Miscellany, May 20, 2024. https://web.sas.upenn.edu/earlyamericanstudies/2024/05/20/native-copper-exhibiting-anishinaabe-wealth-at-the-u-s-national-museum-gustave-lester/; Hope Pantell. 1971. “The Story of the Ontonagon Copper Boulder.” Smithsonian Institute Press. https://www.michigan.gov/-/media/Project/Websites/egle/Documents/Programs/GRMD/Catalog/04/GIMDL-GGOCB.PDF?rev=899a352f0cc342ac9eaa91c80b82e474

  64. National Park Service. “Timeline of Michigan Copper Mining 1851 to 1900.” National Park Service. Accessed September 2, 2025. https://www.nps.gov/kewe/learn/historyculture/copper-mining-timeline-page-2.htm; National Park Service. “State of Michigan (210′ level).” National Park Service. Accessed September 2, 2025. https://www.nps.gov/articles/state-of-michigan-210-level.htm

  65. National Park Service. “Fast Facts.” Sleeping Bear Dunes. Accessed April 11, 2025. https://www.nps.gov/slbe/learn/kidsyouth/fast-facts.htm; National Parks Conservation Association. “Sleeping Bear Dunes.” National Parks Conservation Association. Accessed April 11, 2025. https://www.npca.org/parks/sleeping-bear-dunes-national-lakeshore; Lindsay Moore. August 15, 2024. “So what’s the deal with those $3,000 rescues at Sleeping Bear Dunes?” Mlive. https://www.mlive.com/life/2024/08/so-whats-the-deal-with-those-3000-rescues-at-sleeping-bear-dunes.html

  66. The Editors of the Encyclopedia Britannica. “Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore.” Britannica. Accessed September 6, 2025. https://www.britannica.com/place/Pictured-Rocks-National-Lakeshore; “Pictured Rocks.” National Park Service. Accessed September 6, 2025. https://www.nps.gov/piro/learn/index.htm; “Geology of Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore.” USGS. Accessed September 6, 2025. https://www.usgs.gov/geology-and-ecology-of-national-parks/geology-pictured-rocks-national-lakeshore

  67. “A Brief Lakeshore History.” National Park Service. Accessed September 6, 2025. https://www.nps.gov/piro/learn/historyculture/a-brief-lakeshore-history.htm

  68. “Home.” Michigan Ice Fest. Accessed September 6, 2025. https://michiganicefest.com/

  69. Michigan Economic Development Corporation. “A Guide to Finding Michigan’s Yooperlites.” Pure Michigan. Accessed May 7, 2025. https://www.michigan.org/article/guide-finding-michigan-yooperlites; EGLE. June 5, 2023. “EGLE rockhound offers tips to find elusive, glowing ‘Yooperlites®’.” Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy. https://www.michigan.gov/egle/newsroom/mi-environment/2023/06/05/egle-rockhound-offers-tips-to-find-elusive-glowing-yooperlites; “What is a Yooperlite? The Mysterious Glowing Rocks.” Make It Marquette. Accessed May 7, 2025. https://makeitmqt.com/what-is-a-yooperlite/

  70. Lynch, Dan R. Michigan Rocks & Minerals: A Field Guide to the Great Lake State. AdventureKEEN, 2010.

  71. Frank Boules. November 7, 2018. “The Tragedy and Crystal Lake.” Clarke Historical Library. https://www.clarkehistoricallibrary.org/2018/11/the-tragedy-and-crystal-lake.html

  72. “History of Michigan’s Oil and Natural Gas Industry.” Clarke Historical Library. Accessed May 1, 2025. https://www.cmich.edu/research/clarke-historical-library/explore-collection/explore-online/michigan-material/oil-gas-industry-michigan/history-of-michigan’s-oil-and-natural-gas-industry#:~:text=Since%201925%20more%20than%2050%2C000,cubic%20feet%20of%20natural%20gas.

  73. Marisa Fancy. “The Williamsburg Gas Eruption.” Northern Michigan History. Accessed May 1, 2025. https://northernmichiganhistory.com/the-williamsburg-gas-eruptions/; State of Michigan. “Oil and Gas.” Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy. Accessed May 1, 2025. https://www.michigan.gov/egle/about/organization/geologic-resources-management/oil-and-gas

  74. State of Michigan. “Learn about our Great Lakes.” Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy. Accessed March 28, 2025. https://www.michigan.gov/egle/public/learn/great-lakes

  75. “Pre-Historic Archaeology on the Alpena-Amberly Ridge.” Great Lakes Archaeology. Accessed April 11, 2025. https://sites.lsa.umich.edu/lakehuron-arch/research/pre-historic-archaeology-on-the-alpena-amberly-ridge/; Kelly House and Aaron Martin. January 7, 2025. “A Great Lakes ‘Pompeii’? Lake Huron’s depths hold secrets of human history.” Great Lakes Now. https://www.greatlakesnow.org/2025/01/a-great-lakes-pompeii-lake-hurons-depths-hold-secrets-of-human-history/

  76. Bonnie L. Henson, Daniel T. Kraus, Michael J. McMurty, and David N. Ewert. 2010. “Islands of Life: A Biodiversity and Conservation Atlas of the Great Lakes Islands.” Nature Conservancy of Canada. 

  77. State of Michigan. “Learn about our Great Lakes.” Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy. Accessed March 28, 2025. https://www.michigan.gov/egle/public/learn/great-lakes; E.B Williams. “The Great Lakes in Ancient Times and a Glimpse into the Future – Summer 1962.” National Museum of the Great Lakes. Accessed April 11, 2025. https://nmgl.org/the-great-lakes-in-ancient-times-and-a-glimpse-into-the-future-summer-1962/

  78. Michigan Sea Grant. “Great Lakes fast facts.” Sea Grant Michigan. Accessed April 21, 2025. https://www.michiganseagrant.org/topics/great-lakes-fast-facts/

  79. Ohio Department of Natural Resources. 2025. “Lake Erie Walleye and Yellow Perch 2025-2026 Daily Bag Limits.” PDF. https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/ohiodnr.gov/documents/wildlife/laws-regs-licenses/perchwalleyedailylimits.pdf; Lainey Novak. March 21, 2025. “Lake Erie Is The Walleye Capital of The World.” Cleveland Magazine. https://clevelandmagazine.com/in-the-cle/news/articles/lake-erie-is-the-walleye-capital-of-the-world

  80. Dan Egan. The Death and Life of the Great Lakes. W. W. Norton & Company. 2017.

  81. Environmental Protection Agency. “Climate Change Indicators: Great Lakes Ice Cover.” United States Environmental Protection Agency. Accessed April 21, 2025. https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-great-lakes-ice-cover

  82. NOAA. “Average Surface Water Temperature (GLSEA).” NOAA CoastWatch Great Lakes Regional Node. Accessed April 21, 2025. https://coastwatch.glerl.noaa.gov/statistics/average-surface-water-temperature-glsea/

  83. FLOW Editor. June 27, 2024. “How many Great Lakes are there?” FLOW: For the Love of Water. Accessed March 28, 2025. https://forloveofwater.org/how-many-great-lakes-are-there/

  84. Ibid.

  85. United States Environmental Protection Agency. “Physical Features of the Great Lakes.” EPA, accessed November 25, 2024. https://www.epa.gov/greatlakes/physical-features-great-lakes

  86. Adam Voiland. “A Ship Graveyard in Lake Erie.” NASA Earth Observatory. Accessed May 6, 2025. https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/148990/a-ship-graveyard-in-lake-erie; Krystyn Tully & Meghan Callon. February 26, 2019. “What’s in a name? Learn about the Great Lakes through Indigenous languages.” Great Lakes Guide. Accessed May 6, 2025. https://greatlakes.guide/ideas/the-great-lakes-through-traditional-languages

  87. “Huron: A History of a Name.” Bentley Historical Library. Accessed May 6, 2025. https://bentley.umich.edu/state-local/the-huron-michigans-little-river/huron-history-of-a-name/

  88. Krystyn Tully & Meghan Callon. February 26, 2019. “What’s in a name? Learn about the Great Lakes through Indigenous languages.” Great Lakes Guide. Accessed May 6, 2025. https://greatlakes.guide/ideas/the-great-lakes-through-traditional-languages; “The Great Lakes: An Ojibwe Perspective.” The Decolonial Atlas. Accessed May 6, 2025. https://decolonialatlas.wordpress.com/2015/04/14/the-great-lakes-in-ojibwe-v2/

  89. Krystyn Tully & Meghan Callon. February 26, 2019. “What’s in a name? Learn about the Great Lakes through Indigenous languages.” Great Lakes Guide. Accessed May 6, 2025. https://greatlakes.guide/ideas/the-great-lakes-through-traditional-languages

  90. “Lake Superior.” Wisconsin Sea Grant. Accessed May 6, 2025. https://www.seagrant.wisc.edu/resources/the-formation-of-the-great-lakes/lake-superior/

  91. “The Great Lakes: An Ojibwe Perspective.” The Decolonial Atlas. Accessed May 6, 2025. https://decolonialatlas.wordpress.com/2015/04/14/the-great-lakes-in-ojibwe-v2

  92. State of Michigan. “Pronunciation Guide – ‘You Say it How in Michigan?’” Michigan Department of Labor and Opportunity. Accessed May 1, 2025. https://www.michigan.gov/leo/bureaus-agencies/bureau-of-services-for-blind-persons/btbl/pronunciation-guide-you-say-it-how-in-michigan; Wikimedia Foundation. “Bois Blanc Island (Michigan).” Wikipedia. Accessed May 1, 2025. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bois_Blanc_Island_(Michigan); pilondav (username). 2024. “The ultimate Michigan pronunciation guide: 50 names you might be saying wrong [comment on post].” https://www.reddit.com/r/Michigan/comments/1crzb56/comment/l42svjt/; Michigan Economic Development Corporation. “Try to Pronounce the Name of these 10 Michigan Destinations.” Pure Michigan. Accessed May 1, 2025. https://www.michigan.org/article/trip-idea/try-pronounce-name-these-michigan-destinations

  93. “10 Largest Lake Islands in the World.” World Atlas. Accessed April 21, 2025. https://www.worldatlas.com/geography/10-largest-lake-islands-in-the-world.html; Judith D. Soule. 1993. “Biodiversity of Michigan’s Great Lakes: Knowledge, Threats and Protection.” Report prepared by the Michigan Natural Features Inventory. https://mnfi.anr.msu.edu/reports/MNFI-Report-1993-10.pdf

  94. Michigan Association of Planning. “Who Owns the Water?” American Planning Association: Michigan Chapter. Accessed April 21, 2025. https://www.planningmi.org/aws/MAP/pt/sp/wowgl; State of Michigan. “Ordinary High Water Mark (OHWM).” Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy. Accessed April 21, 2025. https://www.michigan.gov/egle/about/Organization/Water-Resources/submerged-lands/ordinary-high-water-mark-ohwm

  95. Stateside Staff. October 25, 2017. “Buoy logs highest wave ever recorded in Lake Superior as first snow hits the UP.” Michigan Public NPR. https://www.michiganpublic.org/weather/2017-10-25/buoy-logs-highest-wave-ever-recorded-in-lake-superior-as-first-snow-hits-the-up

  96. NOAA Office for Coastal Management. “Fast Facts: Great Lakes.” Office for Coastal Management. Accessed April 2, 2025. https://maps.coast.noaa.gov/states/fast-facts/great-lakes.html

  97. Great Lakes St. Lawrence Seaway System. “The St. Lawrence Seaway: A Vital Waterway.” https://greatlakes-seaway.com/en/the-seaway/

  98. ASCE. “Mackinac Bridge.” American Society of Civil Engineers. Accessed April 30, 2025. https://www.asce.org/about-civil-engineering/history-and-heritage/historic-landmarks/mackinac-bridgeMackinac Bridge Authority. Mackinac Bridge Authority. Accessed April 30, 2025. https://www.mackinacbridge.org/

  99. Ibid.

  100.  Robert Tate. December 12, 2018. “A Brief History of the Mackinac Bridge.” MotorCities National          Heritage Area. https://www.motorcities.org/story-of-the-week/2018/a-brief-history-of-the-mackinac-bridge

  101.  Mackinac Bridge Authority. “Toll Schedule.” Mackinac Bridge Authority. Accessed April 30, 2025. https://www.mackinacbridge.org/fares-traffic/fare-schedule/

  102.  Brandon Champion. September 25, 2018. “Man who drove first car across Mackinac Bridge was fixture at big events.” Mlive. https://www.mlive.com/news/2018/09/first_customer_to_cross_mackin.html

  103.  Jeffrey D. Braise. April 13, 2021. “Presque Isle man was the 100-millionth to cross Mighty Mac.” The Alpena News. https://www.thealpenanews.com/news/local-news/2021/04/presque-isle-man-was-the-100-millionth-to-cross-mighty-mac/

  104.  ASCE. “Mackinac Bridge.” American Society of Civil Engineers. Accessed April 30, 2025. https://www.asce.org/about-civil-engineering/history-and-heritage/historic-landmarks/mackinac-bridge; Mackinac Bridge Authority. “Michigan State Ferry Album.” Mackinac Bridge Authority. Accessed April 30, 2025. https://www.mackinacbridge.org/history/michigan-state-ferry-album/

  105.  Mackinac Bridge Authority. “Michigan State Ferry Album.” Mackinac Bridge Authority. Accessed April 30, 2025. https://www.mackinacbridge.org/history/michigan-state-ferry-album/

  106.  “The History of the Lake Michigan Carferry, the S.S. Badger.” Visit Ludington. Accessed September 6, 2025. https://visitludington.com/history-ss-badger-lake-michigan-carferry-ludington

  107.  Mackinac Bridge Authority. “History of the Bridge.” Mackinac Bridge Authority. Accessed April 30, 2025. https://www.mackinacbridge.org/history/history-of-the-bridge/

  108.  Mackinac Bridge Authority. “Facts & Figures.” Mackinac Bridge Authority. Accessed September 5, 2025. https://www.mackinacbridge.org/history/facts-figures/

  109.  T.R. Witcher. November 1, 2021. “Michigan’s Mackinac Bridge tames the wind.” American Society of Civil Engineers. https://www.asce.org/publications-and-news/civil-engineering-source/civil-engineering-magazine/issues/magazine-issue/article/2021/11/michigans-mackinac-bridge-tames-the-wind

  110.  State of Michigan. “Mackinac Bridge Wind.” Michigan Department of Transportation. Accessed April 24, 2025. https://www.michigan.gov/mdot/about/faqs/bridges/wind

  111.  “The Ultimate List of 1,000 Foot Freighters on the Great Lakes.” Visit Sault Ste. Marie. Accessed September 6, 2025. https://saultstemarie.com/the-ultimate-list-of-1000-foot-freighters-on-the-great-lakes/

  112.  “2006 Cargo Records.” 2006 Statistical Annual Report of Lake Carriers’ Association. 2006. https://www.lcaships.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/sr06-cargorecords.pdf

  113.  “Freshwater vs. Saltwater Boating.” Marine Depot Direct. Accessed September 6, 2025. https://www.marinedepotdirect.com/blog/freshwater-vs-saltwater-boating; Sarah Moore and Cassidey Kavathas. “Oldest freighter on the Great Lakes sets sail. What to know about the SS Alpena.” Detroit Free Press. August 28, 2025. https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/2025/08/28/ss-alpena-oldest-cargo-ship-great-lakes-vessel-2025-cleveland/85831196007/

  114.  Lindsay Poppen. August 7, 2023. “National Lighthouse Day: Learn some fun facts about Michigan’s lighthouses.” Fox 17 West Michigan. https://www.fox17online.com/morning-mix/national-lighthouse-day-learn-some-fun-facts-about-michigans-lighthouses; Education Committee of the Sable Points Lighthouse Keepers Association. “Lake Michigan Lighthouses.” Accessed September 6, 2025. https://splka.org/file_download/inline/1df73e7b-59b3-473e-bba1-f4804bd5cc65

  115.  Lighthouse Friends. “Gibraltar Point Lighthouse.” Lighthouse Friends. Accessed May 8, 2025. https://www.lighthousefriends.com/light.asp?ID=1090; “Michigan’s Oldest Lighthouse.” Port Huron Museums. Accessed May 8, 2025. https://www.phmuseum.org/fort-gratiot-lighthouse/

  116.  “Michigan’s Oldest Lighthouse.” Port Huron Museums. Accessed May 8, 2025. https://www.phmuseum.org/fort-gratiot-lighthouse/

  117.  “A Brief History.” Stannard Rock. Accessed May 8, 2025. https://stannardrock.org/

  118.  White Shoal Light Historical Preservation Society. Accessed May 8, 2025. https://www.preservewhiteshoal.org/; “White Shoal.” Great Lakes Evaporation Network. Accessed May 8, 2025. https://superiorwatersheds.org/GLEN/WhiteShoals.htm

  119.  Emilie Le Beau Lucchesi. May 6, 2024. “As an Underwater Graveyard, the Great Lakes Have Claimed Close to 10,000 Ships.” Discover Magazine. https://www.discovermagazine.com/the-sciences/as-an-underwater-graveyard-the-great-lakes-have-claimed-close-to-10-000; Adam Voiland. “A Ship Graveyard in Lake Erie.” NASA Earth Observatory. Accessed May 6, 2025. https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/148990/a-ship-graveyard-in-lake-erie

  120.  Brendon Baillod. June 6, 2020. “The Tragic Loss of the Western Reserve.” Shipwreck World. https://www.shipwreckworld.com/articles/the-tragic-loss-of-the-western-resereve; Sarah Kuta. March 14, 2025. “Historic Century-Old Shipwreck Discovered 600 Feet Beneath the Surface of Lake Superior.” Smithsonian Magazine. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/historic-century-old-shipwreck-discovered-600-feet-beneath-the-surface-of-lake-superior-180986220/

  121.  Glenn V. Longacre. “The Christmas Tree Ship.” Prologue Magazine, Winter 2006, Vol. 38, No. 4. https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2006/winter/christmas-tree.html; “’Captain Santa’ and the story of the Christmas Tree Ship.” National Marine Sanctuary Foundation. December 18, 2019. https://marinesanctuary.org/blog/christmas-tree-ship/  

  122.  Ibid.

  123. Sean Ley. “The Fateful Journey.” Great Lakes Shipwreck Museum. Accessed May 6, 2025. https://shipwreckmuseum.com/the-fateful-journey/; Great Lakes Museum. “Fact of Fiction.” Great Lakes Museum. Accessed May 6, 2025. https://greatlakesmuseum.ca/how-much-of-the-wreck-of-the-edmund-fitzgerald-is-true/

  124.  Sean Ley. “The Fateful Journey.” Great Lakes Shipwreck Museum. Accessed May 6, 2025. https://shipwreckmuseum.com/the-fateful-journey/; Great Lakes Museum. “Fact of Fiction.” Great Lakes Museum. Accessed May 6, 2025. https://greatlakesmuseum.ca/how-much-of-the-wreck-of-the-edmund-fitzgerald-is-true/; Timothy C. McCall. “Expeditions to the Edmund Fitzgerald Wreck Site.” S.S. Edmund Fitzgerald Online. Accessed May 6, 2025. https://ssedmundfitzgerald.org/expeditions

  125.  Tanda Gmiter. November 10, 2022. “Edmund Fitzgerald’s final hours: 8 things to know.” Mlive. https://www.mlive.com/news/2022/11/edmund-fitzgeralds-final-hours-8-things-to-know.html

  126.  Hultquist, Thomas R., Michael R. Dutter, and David J. Schwab. “Reexamination of the 9–10 November 1975 “Edmund Fitzgerald” Storm Using Today’s Technology”, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 87, 5 (2006): 607-622, doi: https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-87-5-607

  127.  Great Lakes Shipwreck Museum. “Edmund Fitzgerald.” Great Lakes Shipwreck Museum. Accessed May 6, 2025. https://shipwreckmuseum.com/edmund-fitzgerald/

  128.  NOAA. “The Story of the Edmund Fitzgerald – Background.” National Weather Service. Accessed May 6, 2025. https://www.weather.gov/mqt/fitz_fitza; 

  129.  Emilie Le Beau Lucchesi. November 12, 2024. “No One Has Ever Found the Le Griffon Shipwreck, Despite the Many Claims.” Discover Magazine. https://www.discovermagazine.com/the-sciences/no-one-has-ever-found-the-le-griffon-shipwreck-despite-the-many-claims

  130.  Winnetka Historical Society. “Death on Lake Michigan: The Lady Elgin Tragedy.” Winnetka Historical Society. Accessed May 8, 2025. https://www.winnetkahistory.org/gazette/death-on-lake-michigan-the-lady-elgin-tragedy/

  131.  Emilie Le Beau Lucchesi. May 6, 2024. “As an Underwater Graveyard, the Great Lakes Have Claimed Close to 10,000 Ships.” Discover Magazine. https://www.discovermagazine.com/the-sciences/as-an-underwater-graveyard-the-great-lakes-have-claimed-close-to-10-000; “Whitefish Point Light Station.” Great Lakes Shipwreck Museum. Accessed September 2, 2025. https://shipwreckmuseum.com/visit/whitefish-point-light/

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  139.  Ibid

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  143.  NOAA. “State Climate Extremes Committee (SCEC).” National Centers for Environmental Information. Accessed April 11, 2025. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/scec/records.

  144.  Ibid.

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  149.  Dan Egan. The Death and Life of the Great Lakes. W. W. Norton & Company. 2017.

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  191.  “The Ojibwe Capture of Fort Michilimackinac.” Northern Michigan History. Accessed September 2, 2025. https://northernmichiganhistory.com/the-ojibwe-capture-of-fort-michilimackinac/

  192.  “The Ojibwe Capture of Fort Michilimackinac.” Northern Michigan History. Accessed September 2, 2025. https://northernmichiganhistory.com/the-ojibwe-capture-of-fort-michilimackinac/

  193.  Bruce Catton. Michigan: A Bicentennial History (W. W. Norton & Company, 1976); Berrien County Community Development Department. “City of Niles.” PDF document. https://www.berriencounty.org/DocumentCenter/View/269/Niles-City-PDF; Michigan Legislature. “Michigan History.” Michigan Manual 2019-2020. https://www.legislature.mi.gov/Legislature/MichiganManuals?session=2019-2020

  194.  Michigan Legislature. “Michigan History.” Michigan Manual 2019-2020. https://www.legislature.mi.gov/Legislature/MichiganManuals?session=2019-2020; “Daniel Boone is captured by a British/Shawnee war party.” America 250 SAR Daily History. Accessed May 10, 2025. https://www.californiasar.org/2024/02/daniel-boone-is-captured-by-a-british-shawnee-war-party-2/

  195.  Dan Egan. The Death and Life of the Great Lakes. W. W. Norton & Company. 2017; Michigan Public. July 24, 2020. “New book documents the life of James Jesse Strang, self-professed Mormon monarch of Beaver Island.” Michigan Public. https://www.michiganpublic.org/arts-culture/2020-07-24/new-book-documents-the-life-of-james-jesse-strang-self-professed-mormon-monarch-of-beaver-island

  196.  Dan Egan. The Death and Life of the Great Lakes. W. W. Norton & Company. 2017; William Berner. October 15, 2016. “The Mormon Pirate King, James Strang.” Military History of the Upper Great Lakes. https://ss.sites.mtu.edu/mhugl/2016/10/15/the-mormon-pirate-king-james-strang/

  197.  John C. Gardner and Kay Hively. “Birth of the Republican Party.” Ebsco Research Starters. Accessed April 27, 2025. https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/history/birth-republican-party; Jackson County Convention and Visitor Bureau. “The Historic Under the Oaks.” Experience Jackson. Accessed April 27, 2025. https://www.experiencejackson.com/things-to-do/history/under-the-oaks/

  198.  “Mission Church.” Mackinac Island. Accessed May 9, 2025. https://www.mackinacisland.org/listing/mission-church/24/

  199.  “Welcome to the Basilica of Ste. Anne de Detroit.” Basilica of Ste. Anne de Detroit. Accessed May 9, 2025. https://ste-anne.org/

  200.  Michigan Women Forward. “Sojourner Truth.” Michigan Women Forward. Accessed May 1, 2025. https://miwf.org/celebrating-women/michigan-womens-hall-of-fame/sojourner-truth/; Allen, Tina, 1950-2008, “Sojourner Truth Monument (Battle Creek, Michigan),” Contemporary Monuments to the Slave Past, accessed May 1, 2025, https://www.slaverymonuments.org/items/show/1197; State Bar of Michigan. “Michigan Legal Milestones: 30. Freedom Road.” State Bar of Michigan. Accessed May 1, 2025. https://www.michbar.org/programs/milestone/milestones_freedomroad; Detroit Historical Society. “Underground Railroad.” Encyclopedia of Detroit. Accessed May 1, 2025. https://detroithistorical.org/learn/encyclopedia-of-detroit/underground-railroad

  201.  Michigan Economic Development Corporation. “Legacies of Michigan’s Underground Railroad: Battle Creek.” Pure Michigan. Accessed May 1, 2025. https://www.michigan.org/article/trip-idea/legacies-michigans-underground-railroad-battle-creek

  202.  Frances Fabian-Moore. “Detroit’s Underground Railroad History & Historical Sites.” Visit Detroit. Accessed May 1, 2025. https://visitdetroit.com/inside-the-d/detroits-underground-railroad-history-historical-sites/

  203.  Michigan Department of Natural Resources. “Michigan’s Underground Railroad.” Michigan History Center. Accessed September 2, 2025. https://www.michigan.gov/mhc/michigan-history/michiganfreedomtrail; Michigan Department of Natural Resources. “Michigan Freedom Trail.” Michigan Freedom Trail. Accessed September 2, 2025. https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/0974649774ec43c7884fb8e8ac16a397

  204.  Richard Bak. November 6, 2022. “Free Press Flashback: Michigan’s celebrity Civil War soldier fought with a handicap. He was 12.” Detroit Free Press. https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/2022/11/06/michigan-celebrity-civil-war-soldier-johnny-clem/69611203007/; Michigan Legislature. “Michigan in the American Civil War.” Revised October 2015. https://www.legislature.mi.gov/Publications/CivilWar.pdf

  205.  Michigan Legislature. “Michigan in the American Civil War.” Revised October 2015. https://www.legislature.mi.gov/Publications/CivilWar.pdf

  206.  James Hessler. October 4, 2022. “Custer’s Stand at East Cavalry Field.” From Hallowed Ground Magazine, on American Battlefield Trust website. https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/custers-stand-east-cavalry-field

  207.  “Where Did the Iron Brigade Fight at Gettysburg?” Gettysburg Battlefield Bus Tours. Accessed May 10, 2025. https://www.gettysburgbattlefieldtours.com/where-did-the-iron-brigade-fight-at-gettysburg/; “Iron Brigade.” Wisconsin Historical Society. Accessed May 10, 2025. https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Records/Article/CS1606

  208.  Michigan Legislature. “Michigan in the American Civil War.” Revised October 2015. https://www.legislature.mi.gov/Publications/CivilWar.pdf; “John and Barney Litogot: Henry Ford’s Uncles in the Civil War.” The Henry Ford. Accessed May 10, 2025. https://www.thehenryford.org/explore/blog/john-and-barney-litogot-henry-fords-uncles-in-the-civil-war

  209.  “Sarah Emma Edmonds.” American Battlefield Trust. Accessed May 10, 2025. https://www.battlefields.org/learn/biographies/sarah-emma-edmonds; Michigan Legislature. “Michigan in the American Civil War.” Revised October 2015. https://www.legislature.mi.gov/Publications/CivilWar.pdf

  210.  Max Smith. “The Beginning for The Red Arrow, 32nd Infantry.” Military History of the Upper Great Lakes. November 7, 2016. https://ss.sites.mtu.edu/mhugl/2016/11/07/beginning-red-arrow-32nd-infantry/; State of Michigan. “World War I.” Military and Veterans Affairs. Accessed September 2, 2025. https://www.michigan.gov/dmva/about/history/military-events/highlights/world-war-i

  211.  Neal Rubin. May 27, 2019. “’Polar Bear’ memorial in Troy marks a largely forgotten GI mission in WWI Russia.” The Detroit News. https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/michigan/2019/05/27/polar-bear-memorial-world-war-i-russia-troy/3745930002/; “Polar Bear Expedition History.” Bentley Historical Library. Accessed May 1, 2025. https://bentley.umich.edu/research/catalogs-databases/polar-bear/polar-bear-expedition-history/

  212.  Michigan Legislature. “Michigan History.” Michigan Manual 1999–2000. https://www.legislature.mi.gov/documents/1999-2000/michiganmanual/1999-MM-P0000-P0000.pdf; “Ransom E. Olds.” Automotive Hall of Fame. Accessed September 2, 2025. https://www.automotivehalloffame.org/honoree/ransom-e-olds/

  213.  Brian Corey. “January 12, 1904 – Ford sets new land speed record.” This Day in Automotive History. January 12, 1917. https://automotivehistory.org/january-12-1904-ford-sets-new-land-speed-record/; The Automotive Hall of Fame. “Henry Ford.” Automotive Hall of Fame. Accessed September 2, 2025. https://www.automotivehalloffame.org/honoree/henry-ford/

  214.  “Ford’s Five-Dollar Day.” The Henry Ford. January 3, 2014. https://www.thehenryford.org/explore/blog/fords-five-dollar-day/; “Henry Ford.” The Henry Ford. Accessed September 2, 2025. https://www.thehenryford.org/explore/stories-of-innovation/visionaries/henry-ford/; “The History of the Assembly Line.” Master Autotech. Accessed September 2, 2025. https://masterauto.tech/the-history-of-the-assembly-line/

  215.  Brian Corey. “October 7, 1913 – Model T moving assembly line starts.” This Day in Automotive History. October 7, 2024. https://automotivehistory.org/october-7-1913-model-t-chassis-moving-assembly-line/

  216.  “Ford Rubber Plantations in Brazil.” The Henry Ford. Accessed September 2, 2025. https://www.thehenryford.org/collections-and-research/digital-resources/popular-topics/brazilian-rubber-plantations; Steven C. Stanford. “Henry Ford – An Impact Felt.” Henry Ford Heritage Association. Accessed September 2, 2025. https://hfha.org/the-ford-story/henry-ford-an-impact-felt/; “Henry Ford and the Detroit, Toledo & Ironton Railroad.” The Henry Ford. Accessed September 2, 2025. https://www.thehenryford.org/collections-and-research/digital-collections/expert-sets/101772

  217.  Charles A. Homberg, DeTour Village, Michigan: A History to 1960 (DeTour, Michigan: DeTour Passage Historical Museum, 2008), 23.

  218.  “About the Henry Ford.” The Henry Ford. Accessed September 2, 2025. https://www.thehenryford.org/about/; “Greenfield Village.” The Henry Ford. Accessed September 2, 2025. https://www.thehenryford.org/visit/greenfield-village/; “Henry Ford’s Village Green: The Heart of Greenfield Village.” The Henry Ford. Accessed September 2, 2025. https://www.thehenryford.org/explore/blog/henry-ford-s-village-green-the-heart-of-greenfield-village

  219.  Michigan Historical Commission. “The First Mile of Concrete Highway.” Michigan Historic Site sign. 

  220.  “State and Local Government Firsts that changed America.” Center for the Study of Federalism. Accessed May 8, 2025. https://federalism.org/teaching/state-and-local-firsts

  221.  State of Michigan. “Transportation National Firsts.” Michigan Department of Transportation. Accessed May 8, 2025. https://www.michigan.gov/mdot/about/history/transportation-national-firsts

  222.  “State and Local Government Firsts that changed America.” Center for the Study of Federalism. Accessed May 8, 2025. https://federalism.org/teaching/state-and-local-firsts

  223.  State of Michigan. “Transportation National Firsts.” Michigan Department of Transportation. Accessed May 8, 2025. https://www.michigan.gov/mdot/about/history/transportation-national-firsts

  224.  “First Tri-Color, Four-Directional Traffic Signal, 1920.” The Henry Ford. Accessed September 2, 2025. https://www.thehenryford.org/collections-and-research/digital-collections/artifact/227457

  225.  State of Michigan. “Transportation National Firsts.” Michigan Department of Transportation. Accessed May 8, 2025. https://www.michigan.gov/mdot/about/history/transportation-national-firsts

  226.  Ibid

  227.  Ibid

  228.  Dustin Hawley. February 15, 2021. “Which Car Company Was the First to Offer Air Conditioning in Its Cars?” J.D. Power. https://www.jdpower.com/cars/shopping-guides/which-car-company-was-the-first-to-offer-air-conditioning-in-its-cars

  229.  “100 years of driving the future forward.” Chrysler. Accessed September 2, 2025. https://www.chrysler.com/100th-anniversary.html

  230.  “The Fearless Spirit of William Durant.” GM. Accessed September 2, 2025. https://www.gm.com/heritage/durant

  231.  Back to the Future. 1985. Directed by Robert Zemeckis. 

  232.  Fox 2 Staff. September 13, 2023. “Alef’s flying car unveiled at Detroit Auto Show.” Fox 2 Detroit. https://www.fox2detroit.com/news/alefs-flying-car-unveiled-at-detroit-auto-show

  233.  State of Michigan. “Aeronautical Facts.” Michigan Department of Transportation. Accessed April 28, 2025. https://www.michigan.gov/mdot/about/history/aeronautical-facts

  234.  History of Death Penalty.” Death Penalty Information Center. Accessed May 8, 2025. https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/state-and-federal-info/state-by-state/michigan

  235.  “Michigan.” Death Penalty Information Center. Accessed September 2, 2025. https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/state-and-federal-info/state-by-state/michigan

  236.  “State and Local Government Firsts that changed America.” Center for the Study of Federalism. Accessed May 8, 2025. https://federalism.org/teaching/state-and-local-firsts/

  237.  “State and Local Government Firsts that changed America.” Center for the Study of Federalism. Accessed May 8, 2025. https://federalism.org/teaching/state-and-local-firsts/

  238.  Kylie Martin. March 12, 2024. “313 Day: The past, present, future of Detroit’s area code.” Detroit Free Press. https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/detroit/2024/03/12/313-day-detroit-area-code-march/72942964007/

  239.  Michigan Legislature. 2023. “Portraits of Michigan: History and Facts on Michigan.” https://www.legislature.mi.gov/Publications/PortraitsofMI.pdf; Institute of Medicine (US) Committee to Review the Adverse Consequences of Pertussis and Rubella Vaccines; Howson CP, Howe CJ, Fineberg HV, editors. Adverse Effects of Pertussis and Rubella Vaccines: A Report of the Committee to Review the Adverse Consequences of Pertussis and Rubella Vaccines. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 1991. B, Pertussis and Rubella Vaccines: A Brief Chronology. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK234365/

  240.  Michigan Legislature. 2023. “Portraits of Michigan: History and Facts on Michigan.” https://www.legislature.mi.gov/Publications/PortraitsofMI.pdf

  241.  “Constitutional Amendments – Amendment 18 – ‘The Beginning of Prohibition.’” Ronald Reagan Presidential Library & Museum. Accessed April 27, 2025. https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/constitutional-amendments-amendment-18-beginning-prohibition; Frank Witsil. December 5, 2023. “Michigan became first state to end prohibition 90 years ago.” Detroit Free Press. https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/2023/12/05/michigan-end-prohibition-1933/71812859007/

  242.  “Battling the Rum Runners in Prohibition’s No Man’s Land.” The New York Times. July 29, 1923.

  243.  Melissa Anders. “Grand Hotel did what it had to do to stay open in tough times – even if it was illegal.” Mlive. Accessed September 2, 2025. https://www.mlive.com/business/2012/07/from_speakeasies_to_wwii_rate.html

  244.  Schoolcraft County Historical Society. “The Prohibition Era (1918-1933).” Schoolcraft County Historical Society. Accessed April 27, 2025. https://schs.cityofmanistique.org/the-prohibition-era-1918-1933/

  245.  General Motors. “A Legacy of Service.” GM Defense, accessed November 26, 2024. https://www.gmdefensellc.com/site/us/en/gm-defense/home/about/history.html

  246.  Detroit Historical Society. “Arsenal of Democracy.” Encyclopedia of Detroit, accessed November 26, 2024. https://detroithistorical.org/learn/encyclopedia-of-detroit/arsenal-democracy

  247.  Henry Ford Staff. “Willow Run Bomber Plant.” The Henry Ford, accessed November 24, 2024. https://www.thehenryford.org/collections-and-research/digital-collections/expert-sets/101765/

  248.  “Detroit: ‘The Arsenal of Democracy’ Overview of Six Products. Detroit Historical Society. Accessed September 2, 2025. https://www.detroithistorical.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/War%20Productsv2.pdf

  249.  Michigan Women Forward. “Rosie the Riveter.” Michigan Women’s Hall of Fame. Accessed May 1, 2025. https://miwf.org/celebrating-women/michigan-womens-hall-of-fame/rosie-the-riveter/; Bob Sadler. March 25, 2020. “Michigan’s Own Rosie the Riveter, Rose Will Monroe.” MotorCities National Heritage Area. https://www.motorcities.org/story-of-the-week/2020/michigan-s-own-rosie-the-riveter-rose-will-monroe

  250.  Arts & Humanities Research Council. “World War II: 1939-1945.” Striking Women. Accessed May 1, 2025. https://www.striking-women.org/module/women-and-work/world-war-ii-1939-1945; Michigan Women Forward. “Rosie the Riveter.” Michigan Women’s Hall of Fame. Accessed May 1, 2025. https://miwf.org/celebrating-women/michigan-womens-hall-of-fame/rosie-the-riveter/

  251.  Gregory Sumner. March 3, 2019. “Michigan history: State was home to 6,000 POWs during WWII.” Detroit Free Press. https://www.freep.com/story/opinion/contributors/2019/03/03/michigan-history-pows-wwii/1941032002/

  252.  Poetry Foundation. “Robert Frost.” Poetry Magazine. Accessed April 23, 2025. https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/robert-frost; Paul R. Dimond. 2018. “Frost and Burton at Michigan, 1921–26, Then and Now.” Michigan Quarterly Review. Accessed April 23, 2025. https://sites.lsa.umich.edu/mqr/2018/04/frost-and-burton-at-michigan-1921-26-then-and-now-by-paul-r-dimond/; The Staff at the Henry Ford. “Robert Frost House.” The Henry Ford. Accessed April 23, 2025. https://www.thehenryford.org/collections-and-research/digital-collections/expert-sets/107552/ 

  253.  Clark Historical Library. “Hemingway’s Michigan.” Clark Historical Library. Accessed April 26, 2025. https://www.cmich.edu/research/clarke-historical-library/explore-collection/explore-online/michigan-material/ernest-hemingway-in-michigan/hemingways-michigan; Michigan Economic Development Corporation. “Tour Hemingway’s Michigan.” Pure Michigan. Accessed April 26, 2025. https://www.michigan.org/article/road-trip/tour-hemingway-s-michigan

  254.  Cradle of Aviation Museum. “Harriet Quimby.” Cradle of Aviation Museum. Accessed April 28, 2025. https://www.cradleofaviation.org/history/history/women-in-aviation/harriet_quimby.html

  255.  Kiersten Laclede. “Nancy Harkness Love.” National Museum of the United States Army. Accessed April 28, 2025. https://www.thenmusa.org/biographies/nancy-harkness-love/

  256.  Jack R. Lousma, interviewed by Carol Butler. March 7, 2001. Transcript NASA. https://historycollection.jsc.nasa.gov/JSCHistoryPortal/history/oral_histories/LousmaJR/LousmaJR_3-7-01.htm; “Jack R. Lousma.” New Mexico Museum of Space History. Accessed May 22, 2025. https://nmspacemuseum.org/inductee/jack-r-lousma/

  257.  “Day 3, part 2: ‘Houston, we’ve had a problem’.” Apollo Flight Journal. Transcript annotated by W. David Woods, Johannes Kemppanen, Alexander Turhanov, and Lennox J. Waugh. Accessed May 22, 2025. https://www.nasa.gov/history/afj/ap13fj/08day3-problem.html

  258.  NASA. “Roger B. Chaffee.” NASA. Accessed May 22, 2025. https://www.nasa.gov/former-astronaut-roger-b-chaffee/

  259.  NASA Communications. “The Crew of the Space Shuttle Challenger STS-51L Mission.” NASA. Accessed May 22, 2025. https://www.nasa.gov/history/the-crew-of-the-space-shuttle-challenger-sts-51l-mission/

  260.  Eric Joyce. December 14, 2009. “Remembering the final days of America’s 50-star flag designer Bob Heft.” Saginaw News. https://www.mlive.com/news/saginaw/2009/12/remembering_the_final_days_of.html; “Robert G. Heft.” Find a Grave. Accessed May 1, 2025. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/45408810/robert_g-heft

  261.  “Thomas E. Dewey.” Shiawassee District Library. Accessed May 10, 2025. https://www.mysdl.org/local-history/thomas-dewey

  262.  “The Fords.” Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. Accessed May 22, 2025. https://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/the-fords#event-number-901

  263.  Ibid.

  264.  National Park Service. “Elijah McCoy: Inventor of ‘The Real McCoy.’” National Park Service. Accessed May 10, 2025. https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/elijah-mccoy-inventor-of-the-real-mccoy.htm

  265.  Nick Bunkley. July 23, 2023. “1886 Benz helps island reaffirm its car ban.” Automotive News. https://www.autonews.com/automakers-suppliers/mackinac-island-reaffirms-125-year-old-car-ban-1886-benz/

  266.  What?!? A car will drive on Mackinac Island this summer.” April 17, 2023. Mlive. https://www.mlive.com/sponsor-content/?scid=189883&prx_t=4FAIA1ZldAoBEPA&ntv_ui=47d10e5b-1a50-4fa1-8e11-fe18b3c57b41&ntv_ht=3XhGZAA

  267.  John Serba. March 30, 2018. “A guide to Michigan’s M-185, the only U.S. highway where cars are banned.” Mlive. https://www.mlive.com/entertainment/erry-2018/03/797a7e7b1b/a_guide_to_michigans_m185_the.html

  268.  “What?!? A car will drive on Mackinac Island this summer.” April 17, 2023. Mlive.  https://www.mlive.com/sponsor-content/?scid=189883&prx_t=4FAIA1ZldAoBEPA&ntv_ui=47d10e5b-1a50-4fa1-8e11-fe18b3c57b41&ntv_ht=3XhGZAA

  269.  ACLU of Michigan. April 1, 2002. “’Cussing Canoeist’ Conviction Reversed in Michigan.” ACLU. Press release. https://www.aclu.org/press-releases/cussing-canoeist-conviction-reversed-michigan

  270.  Examination of Bicycle, 1973, §10-69(d). https://library.municode.com/mi/leslie/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=PTIICOOR_CH82TRVE_ARTVBI_S82-184EXBI

  271.  Coloring Birds Prohibited, 1962, §4-404. https://library.municode.com/mi/harper_woods/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=COOR_CH4ANFO_ARTIINGE_S4-4COBIPR

  272.  Motor vehicles, sale on Sunday unlawful, exception, 1953, §435.251. https://www.legislature.mi.gov/Laws/MCL?objectName=mcl-435-251

  273.  Repealed. 2015, Act 210, Eff. Mar. 14, 2016. §750.173

  274.  The Star Spangled Banner, Repealed. 2015, Act 210, Eff. Mar. 14, 2016, §750.541, https://zeus-milenia.legislature.mi.gov/documents/mcl/pdf/MCL-328-1931-LXXXIII.pdf;: https://www.legislature.mi.gov/documents/2015-2016/billanalysis/house/archive/2015-HLA-4248-9ACBA02B.htm 

  275.  Linton Weeks. August 11, 2015. “Sands of Time: Beach Etiquette of Long Ago.” NPR History Dept. Accessed April 27. 2025. https://www.npr.org/sections/npr-history-dept/2015/08/11/430035360/sands-of-time-beach-etiquette-of-long-ago

  276.  “Annie Edson Taylor.” Niagara Falls National Heritage Area. Accessed May 22, 2025. https://www.discoverniagara.org/badass-women-of-niagara/3

  277.  City of Saugatuck. “Chain Ferry.” City of Saugatuck. Accessed April 2, 2025. https://www.saugatuckcity.com/chain-ferry.html; “Saugatuck Chain Ferry.” Facebook. Intro Text (no author). Accessed April 2, 2025. https://www.facebook.com/thesaugatuckchainferry/

  278.  Guinness World Records. “Largest nasal septum flesh tunnel (male).” Guinness World Records. Accessed April 27, 2025. https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/722122-largest-nasal-septum-flesh-tunnel-male

  279.  World Records Union. “Oldest Fruitcake.” World Records Union. Accessed April 27, 2025. https://worldrecordsunion.com/oldest-fruitcake/

  280.   July 31, 2020. “Fastest time to climb or descend One Million Stairs for the 70+ age category: James C. Wigginton.” World Record Academy. https://www.worldrecordacademy.org/world-records/sports/fastest-time-to-climb-or-descend-one-million-stairs-james-c-wigginton-sets-world-record-219596

  281.  Guinness World Records. “Most blood plasma donated (male).” Guinness World Records. Accessed April 27, 2025. https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/most-blood-donated-apheresis

  282.  Associated Press. “Michigan man breaks world record for most burpees in 12 hours.” Fox 47 News. October 28, 2019. https://www.fox47news.com/news/local-news/michigan-man-breaks-world-record-for-most-burpees-in-12-hours

  283.  “Largest slab of chocolate fudge-Lansing Community College sets world record.” World Record Academy. June 30, 2009. https://www.worldrecordacademy.com/food/largest_slab_of_chocolate_fudge-Lansing_Community_College_sets_world_record_90262.htm

  284.  Guinness World Records. “Longest line of lemonade stands.” Guinness World Records. Accessed September 5, 2025. https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/103193-longest-line-of-lemonade-stands

  285.  “Wayne State sets record for world’s largest periodic table.” Wayne State University. October 23, 2019. https://clas.wayne.edu/news/wayne-state-sets-record-for-worlds-largest-periodic-table-56144

  286.  “Most tractors in a parade-world record set by Marion residents.” World Record Academy. Accessed September 4, 2025. https://www.worldrecordacademy.com/transport/most_tractors_in_a_parade_world_record_set_by_Marion_residents_80111.htm

  287.  Guinness World Records. “Largest Dessert Party.” Guinness World Records. Accessed September 5, 2025. https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-dessert-party

  288.  White Lake Area Chamber of Commerce. “World’s Largest Weathervane and Ellenwood Park.” White Lake Area Chamber of Commerce. Accessed April 25, 2025. https://www.whitelake.org/business/worlds-largest-weathervane-and-ellenwood-park/

  289.  “Bronner’s Trivia.” Bronner’s Christmas Wonderland. Accessed May 22, 2025. https://www.bronners.com/bronners-trivia

  290.  Ibid.

  291.  Jiffy. “’Jiffy’ Virtual Tour.” Jiffy Mix. Accessed September 5, 2025. https://www.jiffymix.com/tours/virtual-tour/

  292.  William C. Richards. July 21, 1929. “Denies She Helped to Kill ‘Witch’.” The Detroit Free Press.; “Laura Ettie Runyan Fairchild.” Find a Grave. Accessed March 28, 2025. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/25812010/etta-l-fairchild

  293.  “Bewitched by ‘Feather Devils.’” The Rocky Mountain News. Volume 31, November 13, 1889.; “1889: Witchcraft in Michigan.” IHT Retrospective (blog). The New York Times. November 4, 2014. https://archive.nytimes.com/iht-retrospective.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/11/04/1889-witchcraft-in-michigan/ “Bewitched by ‘Feather Devils.’” The Rocky Mountain News. Volume 31, November 13, 1889. 

  294.  Ibid.

  295.  Detroit Historical Society. “Collingwood Manor Massacre.” Encyclopedia of Detroit. Accessed April 27, 2025. https://detroithistorical.org/learn/encyclopedia-of-detroit/collingwood-manor-massacre; Detroit Historical Society. “Purple Gang.” Encyclopedia of Detroit. Accessed April 27, 2025. https://detroithistorical.org/learn/encyclopedia-of-detroit/purple-gang

  296.  Michigan Film Office. n.d. “Anatomy of a Murder.” Pamphlet. https://www.michiganbusiness.org/4a84f9/globalassets/documents/film/final_anatomy_murder_tour_2-1.pdf; “John D. Voelker.” Anatomy of a Murder 50 Anniversary. Accessed March 28, 2025. https://nmu.edu/voelker/

  297.  John Wisely. “Where is Jimmy Hoffa? A look at searches in Michigan.” Detroit Free Press. May 27, 2024. https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/2024/05/27/jimmy-hoffa-searches-michigan/73868207007/; Kimberly A. Manning. “Jimmy Hoffa disappearance.” Ebsco Knowledge Advantage. 2022. https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/history/jimmy-hoffa-disappearance

  298.  Edward McClelland. Folktales and Legends of the Middle West. 2018. Belt Publishing. Cleveland Ohio.

  299.  Dianna Stampfler. October 16, 2019. “Do You Dare Stay the Night at Michigan’s Most Haunted Lighthouse?” MyNorth. https://mynorth.com/2019/10/michigans-most-haunted-lighthouse-big-bay-point-lighthouse

  300.  Francis X. Donnelly. “Bigfoot sighting in Monroe woods deemed credible by tracking group.” Detroit News. May 25, 2025. https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/michigan/2025/05/25/bigfoot-sighting-monroe-woods-credible-by-field-researchers-group/83857503007/; “Beyond Bigfoot.” American Museum of Natural History. Accessed September 5, 2025. https://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/mythic-creatures/land/beyond-bigfoot; Brendan Wiesner. “Where are you most likely to have a Bigfoot sighting in Michigan? The odds say the U.P.” The Sault News. March 21, 2025. https://www.sooeveningnews.com/story/entertainment/2025/03/21/bigfoot-sightings-in-michigan-odds-say-theyre-most-likely-in-u-p/82539572007/

  301.  State of Michigan. “Natural Resources as a Glance.” Department of Natural Resources, accessed March 4, 2025. https://www.michigan.gov/en/dnr/about/natural-resources-at-a-glance

  302.  Ibid.

  303.  Dr. Reeve M. Bailey and Dr. Gerald R. Smith. n.d. “Names of Michigan Fishes.” PDF document. https://www.michigan.gov/dnr/-/media/Project/Websites/dnr/Documents/Fisheries/misc/MI-fishes.pdf; State of Michigan. “Fish Stocking.” Department of Natural Resources. Accessed March 4, 2025. https://michigan.gov/dnr/managing-resources/fisheries/stocking

  304.  Michigan Economic Development Corporation. “A Beginner’s Guide to Hunting in Pure Michigan.” Pure Michigan, accessed March 4, 2025. https://www.michigan.org/article/trip-idea/beginners-guide-hunting-pure-michigan

  305.  Michigan Economic Development Corporation. “A Beginner’s Guide to Hunting in Pure Michigan.” Pure Michigan, accessed March 4, 2025. https://www.michigan.org/article/trip-idea/beginners-guide-hunting-pure-michigan

  306.  Michigan Department of Natural Resources. n.d. “Michigan Department of Natural Resources State Fish Records.” https://www.michigan.gov/-/media/Project/Websites/dnr/Documents/Fisheries/misc/state_records.pdf

  307.  Boone and Crockett Club. “Michigan State Big Game Records.” Boone and Crockett Club. Accessed March 4, 2025. https://www.boone-crockett.org/michigan-state-big-game-records

  308.  Michigan Department of Natural Resources. May 13, 2024. “Feeding Michigan — Sportsmen Against Hunter.” Facebook video. https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=1519303108937028

  309.  State of Michigan. “Michigan State Parks.” Department of Natural Resources. Accessed September 4, 2025. https://www.michigan.gov/dnr/places/state-parks

  310.  The Parade Company. “Parade Info.” The Parade Company. Accessed March 28, 2025. https://theparade.org/americas-thanksgiving-parade/parade-info/; Malea Walker. November 18, 2020. “Holiday Parades: Thanksgiving Tradition that Signals Holiday Season.” Library of Congress. https://blogs.loc.gov/headlinesandheroes/2020/11/holiday-parades-thanksgiving-tradition-that-signals-holiday-season/; Detroit Historical Society. “America’s Thanksgiving Day Parade.” Encyclopedia of Detroit. Accessed March 28, 2025. https://detroithistorical.org/learn/encyclopedia-of-detroit/americas-thanksgiving-day-parade

  311.  Guinness World Records. “Largest attendance at an ice hockey match.” Guinness World Records, accessed April 5, 2025. https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/highest-attendance-for-an-ice-hockey-match; Neil Koepke. October 6, 2021. “20 Years Later, ‘Cold War’ A Warm Memory.” Michigan State Athletics. https://msuspartans.com/news/2021/10/6/mens-ice-hockey-20-years-later-cold-war-a-warm-memory

  312.  Steve Ostrander. “Red Wings vs. Marquette Prison Pirates.” Michiganology. Accessed April 5, 2025. https://michiganology.org/stories/red-wings-vs-marquette-prison-pirates/; 

  313.  Dane Kelly. April 15, 2025. “How an octopus became the mascot of the Detroit Red Wings.” Click on Detroit. https://www.clickondetroit.com/news/local/2025/04/15/how-an-octopus-became-the-mascot-of-the-detroit-red-wings/

  314.  Max Bultman. April 2, 2024. “As Red Wings return to playoff hunt, octopi are once again flying onto the ice.” The Athletic. https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/5365173/2024/04/02/red-wings-playoffs-chase-octopus-toss/ 

  315.  “Detroit Curling Club.” Detroit Curling Club. Accessed May 10, 2025. https://detroitcurlingclub.com/about-us-history/; Junfu Han. February 19, 2022. “Michigan’s oldest curling club was founded 137 years ago in Detroit.” https://www.freep.com/in-depth/sports/2022/02/19/detroit-curling-club-female-players/6785478001/

  316.  AAGPBL. “AAGPBL Teams.” All-American Girls Professional Baseball League. Accessed May 20. 2025. https://www.aagpbl.org/teams

  317.  AAGPBL. “Dorothy Schroeder.” All-American Girls Professional Baseball League. Accessed May 20, 2025. https://www.aagpbl.org/profiles/dorothy-schroeder-dottie/559; Anna E. Sielaff. “Our All-American Girl: Dottie Schroeder.” Champaign County History Museum at the Historic Cattle Bank. Accessed May 20, 2025. https://www.champaigncountyhistory.org/single-post/our-all-american-girl-dottie-schroeder

  318.  Emily Cooper. “Jim Abbott was a Scout’s Dream – and Ultimate Challenge.” National Baseball Hall of Fame. Accessed September 4, 2025. https://baseballhall.org/discover/short-stops/jim-abbott-scouting-reports

  319.  “Joe Louis.” National Museum of African American History & Culture. Accessed September 4, 2025. https://nmaahc.si.edu/explore/stories/joe-louis; Detroit Historical Society. “Louis, Joe.” Encyclopedia of Detroit. Accessed September 4, 2025. https://www.detroithistorical.org/learn/online-research/encyclopedia-of-detroit/louis-joe

  320.  “Joe Louis.” National Museum of African American History & Culture. Accessed September 4, 2025. https://nmaahc.si.edu/explore/stories/joe-louis

  321.  Detroit Historical Society. “Joe Louis Arena.” Encyclopedia of Detroit. Accessed September 4, 2025. https://www.detroithistorical.org/learn/online-research/encyclopedia-of-detroit/joe-louis-arena

  322.  Marlowe Alter. “Have Detroit Lions ever won the Super Bowl? No. They’ve never even made it.” November 28, 2024. Detroit Free Press. https://www.freep.com/story/sports/nfl/lions/2024/11/28/have-lions-won-the-super-bowl-nfl/76604829007/

  323.  “Detroit Tigers.” Britannica. Accessed September 4, 2025. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Detroit-Tigers

  324.  John McKechnie. “Detroit Pistons’ NBA Championships.” NBA. Accessed September 4, 2025. https://www.nba.com/news/detroit-pistons-nba-championships

  325.  ESPN. “Which NHL teams have won the most Stanley Cup titles?” ESPN. June 17, 2025. https://www.espn.com/nhl/story/_/id/40344315/which-nhl-teams-won-most-stanley-cup-titles

  326.  John Niyo. “Niyo: Marathon champ Des Linden weighs next steps.” Detroit News. April 30, 2018. https://www.detroitnews.com/story/sports/other/2018/04/30/michigan-boston-marathon-champ-desiree-linden/34427141/; “Greg Meyer.” Michigan Sports Hall of Fame. Accessed September 4, 2025. https://michigansportshof.org/inductee/greg-meyer/

  327.   Jody McVeigh. Untitled. Grosse Pointe News. August 21, 2019. https://www.dalmac.org/dalmac2020/pdf/2019/Grosse-Pointe-News08212019.pdf; Kevin Lavery. “Over 1,100 bicyclists depart MSU for annual DALMAC ride.” WKAR. August 31, 2022. https://www.wkar.org/wkar-news/2022-08-31/over-1-100-bicyclists-depart-msu-for-annual-dalmac-ride; Mark Johnson. “Dick Allen, founder of bike ride from Lansing to Mackinaw City, dies at 88.” Lansing State Journal. December 23, 2021. https://www.lansingstatejournal.com/story/news/2021/12/23/dick-allen-founder-bike-ride-lansing-mackinaw-dies-88/9009328002/

  328.  “Stone Skipping.” Stone Skipping. Accessed September 4, 2025. https://www.stoneskipping.com/

  329.  Michigan Department of Agriculture & Rural Development. 2023. “Michigan Agriculture Facts & Figures.” https://www.michigan.gov/-/media/Project/Websites/mdard/documents/business-development/mi_ag_facts_figures.pdf

  330.  Taylor DesOrmeau. October 8, 2022. “The top 50 apple varieties grown in Michigan.” MLive. https://www.mlive.com/public-interest/2022/10/the-top-50-apple-varieties-grown-in-michigan.html

  331.  Michigan Apple Committee. “2024 Michigan Apple Industry At-a-Glance.” 2024. Factsheet. https://www.michiganapples.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/2024_FactSheet_Naturally_Final.pdf

  332.  Michigan Department of Agriculture & Rural Development. 2023. “Michigan Agriculture Facts & Figures.” https://www.michigan.gov/-/media/Project/Websites/mdard/documents/business-development/mi_ag_facts_figures.pdf

  333.  National Asparagus Festival. National Asparagus Festival. Accessed March 21, 2025. https://www.nationalasparagusfestival.org/; Sharon Hallack n.d. “The Birth of a Festival.” The Oceana Echo. 50 Commemorative Edition. https://issuu.com/theoceanaecho/docs/naf_50th/s/26190686 

  334.  Michigan Department of Agriculture & Rural Development. 2023. “Michigan Agriculture Facts & Figures.” https://www.michigan.gov/-/media/Project/Websites/mdard/documents/business-development/mi_ag_facts_figures.pdf

  335.  Ibid.

  336.  Ibid.

  337.  World Population Review. “Cucumber Production by State 2025.” World Population Review. Accessed March 21, 2025. https://worldpopulationreview.com/state-rankings/cucumber-production-by-state

  338.  Michigan Department of Agriculture & Rural Development. 2023. “Michigan Agriculture Facts & Figures.” https://www.michigan.gov/-/media/Project/Websites/mdard/documents/business-development/mi_ag_facts_figures.pdf

  339.  Ibid.

  340.  Ibid.

  341.  Ibid. 

  342.  Ibid. 

  343.  Ibid.

  344.  Ibid. 

  345.  World Population Review. “Sugarbeet Production by State 2025.” World Population Review. Accessed March 24, 2025. https://worldpopulationreview.com/state-rankings/sugarbeet-production-by-state

  346.  World Population Review. “Blueberry Production by State 2025.” World Population Review. Accessed March 21, 2025. https://worldpopulationreview.com/state-rankings/blueberry-production-by-state

  347.  Michigan Department of Agriculture & Rural Development. 2023. “Michigan Agriculture Facts & Figures.” https://www.michigan.gov/-/media/Project/Websites/mdard/documents/business-development/mi_ag_facts_figures.pdf

  348.  Michigan Department of Agriculture & Rural Development. 2023. “Michigan Agriculture Facts & Figures.” https://www.michigan.gov/-/media/Project/Websites/mdard/documents/business-development/mi_ag_facts_figures.pdf

  349.  World Population Review. “Peaches Production by State 2025.” World Population Review. Accessed March 21, 2025. https://worldpopulationreview.com/state-rankings/peach-production-by-state

  350.  World Population Review. “Cabbage Production by State 2025.” World Population Review. Accessed March 21, 2025. https://worldpopulationreview.com/state-rankings/cabbage-production-by-state

  351.  Michigan Department of Agriculture & Rural Development. 2023. “Michigan Agriculture Facts & Figures.” https://www.michigan.gov/-/media/Project/Websites/mdard/documents/business-development/mi_ag_facts_figures.pdf

  352.  Ibid.

  353.  Ibid.

  354.  Michigan Department of Agriculture & Rural Development. 2023. “Michigan Agriculture Facts & Figures.” https://www.michigan.gov/-/media/Project/Websites/mdard/documents/business-development/mi_ag_facts_figures.pdf; Cherry Marketing Institute. “U.S. Montmorency Tart Cherry Production.” Cherry Marketing Institute. Accessed March 21, 2025. https://www.usacherries.com/tart-cherry-production; Ag Marketing Resource Center. April 2024. “Cherries.” AgMRC, accessed March 21, 2025, https://www.agmrc.org/commodities-products/fruits/cherries

  355.  Michigan Department of Agriculture & Rural Development. 2023. “Michigan Agriculture Facts & Figures.” https://www.michigan.gov/-/media/Project/Websites/mdard/documents/business-development/mi_ag_facts_figures.pdf

  356.  The Michigan Ag Council. “Potatoes.” Michigan Grown, Michigan Great. Accessed March 28, 2025. https://michigangrown.org/potatoes/

  357.  March 22, 2023. “McDonald’s & Michigan Department of Agriculture and Rural Development Celebrate Poultry Farmers.” The Portland Beacon. https://www.theportlandbeacon.com/single-post/mcdonald-s-michigan-department-of-agriculture-and-rural-development-celebrate-poultry-farmers; Michigan Ag Council. Eggs. Michigan Grown, Michigan Great. Accessed March 28, 2025. https://michigangrown.org/eggs/

  358.  McDonald’s. February 6, 2024. “McDonald’s Achieves Goal of Sourcing 100% Cage-Free Eggs in the U.S.” McDonald’s. https://corporate.mcdonalds.com/corpmcd/our-stories/article/mcdonalds-achieves-goal-sourcing-100cagefree-eggs-us.html

  359.  Michigan Economic Development Corporation. “What it Takes to Make Mackinac Island Fudge and Where to Find It.” Pure Michigan, accessed November 26, 2024. https://www.michigan.org/article/trip-idea/what-it-takes-to-make-mackinac-island-fudge-where-to-find

  360.  “World’s Largest Cherry Pie Battle.” Roadside America. Accessed March 24, 2025. https://www.roadsideamerica.com/story/29043; Guinness World Records. “Largest Cherry Pie.” Guinness World Records. Accessed March 24, 2025. https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/68433-largest-fruit-pie

  361.  “Home.” Sleder’s Family Tavern. Accessed April 27, 2025. https://sleders.com/; Michigan Economic Development Corporation. “Old Tavern Inn.” Pure Michigan. Accessed April 27, 2025. https://www.michigan.org/property/old-tavern-inn; “Home.” New Hudson Inn. Accessed April 27, 2025. https://www.newhudsoninn1831.com/; “Home.” White Horse Inn. Accessed April 27, 2025. https://www.thewhitehorseinn.com/; 

  362.  “Pasty History.” The Pasty Oven. Accessed May 22, 2025. https://pastys.com/pages/pasty-history

  363.  Haley Hansen. August 1, 2019. “’Quintessential Lansing’: How mid-Michigan grew to love the olive burger.” Lansing State Journal. https://www.lansingstatejournal.com/story/news/2019/08/01/olive-burgers-lansing-tradition-kewpee-olympic-broil-peanut-barrel/1686160001/

  364.  J. Kenji López-Alt. “Detroit-Style Pan Pizza.” Serious Eats. January 13, 2025. https://www.seriouseats.com/detroit-style-pizza-recipe

  365.  National Cherry Festival. Accessed March 21, 2025. https://www.cherryfestival.org/

  366.  National Cherry Festival. 2024. “Festival Media Advisory.” Press Release. 

  367.  National Today. “International Cherry Pit Spitting Day – July 5, 2025.” National Today. Accessed April 23, 2025. https://nationaltoday.com/international-cherry-pit-spitting-day/; Guinness World Records. “Greatest distance to spit a cherry stone.” Guinness World Records. Accessed April 23, 2025. https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/cherry-stone-spitting-greatest-distance; Bob Sutherland. July 17, 2014. “Summer Fun Around Cherry Republic.” Cherry Republic Up North Blog. Accessed April 23, 2025. https://blog.cherryrepublic.com/2014/07/17/summer-fun-around-cherry-republic/

  368.  National Today. “International Cherry Pit Spitting Day – July 5, 2025.” National Today. Accessed April 23, 2025. https://nationaltoday.com/international-cherry-pit-spitting-day/

  369.  “Pop History.” Faygo. Accessed May 1, 2025. https://www.faygo.com/history/; Melody Baetens. August 19, 2020. “10 facts you might not know about Faygo, Detroit’s favorite pop.” Detroit News. https://www.detroitnews.com/story/life/food/2020/08/19/10-facts-you-might-not-know-faygo-detroits-favorite-pop/3374906001/

  370.  “10 facts you might not know about Faygo, Detroit’s favorite pop.” Detroit News. https://www.detroitnews.com/story/life/food/2020/08/19/10-facts-you-might-not-know-faygo-detroits-favorite-pop/3374906001/

  371.  Ibid.

  372.  “Pop History.” Faygo. Accessed May 1, 2025. https://www.faygo.com/history/; Melody Baetens. August 19, 2020.

  373.  Ibid.

  374.  Edward Pevos. March 28, 2025. “Faygo creates new flavor of pop that tastes just like Superman ice cream.” Mlive. https://www.mlive.com/business/2025/03/faygo-creates-new-flavor-of-pop-that-tastes-just-like-superman-ice-cream.html

  375.  Anna Bauman. June 12, 2019. “Superman is Michigan’s favorite ice cream flavor.” Detroit Free Press. https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/2019/06/12/superman-michigans-favorite-ice-cream/1430821001/

  376.  Johnson. “The Venerated Vernors Ginger Soda.” Dr Pepper Museum. Accessed May 21, 2025. https://drpeppermuseum.com/the-venerated-vernors-ginger-soda/; Detroit Historical Society. “A History of Vernors.” Detroit Historical Society. Accessed May 21, 2025. https://detroithistorical.org/history-vernors

  377.  Susan Selasky. June 5, 2016. “Vernors, Detroit’s drink, celebrates 150 years.” Detroit Free Press. https://www.freep.com/story/life/food/2016/06/05/vernors-detroits-drink-celebrates-150-years/85285770/; Rachael. “The Venerated Vernors Ginger Soda.” Dr Pepper Museum. Accessed May 21, 2025. https://drpeppermuseum.com/the-venerated-vernors-ginger-soda/; Lawrence L. Rouch. 2010. The Vernor’s Story: From Gnomes to Now. University of Michigan Press. https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.10869

  378.  Cassondra Jones. October 24, 2017. “Capture of Jefferson Davis by the Fourth Michigan.” Military History of the Upper Great Lakes. https://ss.sites.mtu.edu/mhugl/2017/10/24/capture-of-jefferson-davis-by-the-fourth-michigan/; Dan Austin. “Vernors Bottling Plant.” Historic Detroit. Accessed May 21, 2025. https://historicdetroit.org/buildings/vernors-bottling-plant

  379.  “History.” The Coca-Cola Company. Accessed May 21, 2025. https://www.coca-colacompany.com/about-us/history; “History.” Dr Pepper Museum. Accessed May 21, 2025. https://drpeppermuseum.com/history/

  380.  Detroit Historical Society. “A History of Vernors.” Detroit Historical Society. Accessed May 21, 2025. https://detroithistorical.org/history-vernors

  381.  WK Kellogg Co. “Our Story & Timeline.” WK Kellogg Co. Accessed May 22, 2025. https://www.wkkellogg.com/who-we-are/our-story; Robert Havey. “Citizen Grain.” Bentley Historical Library. Accessed May 22, 2025. https://bentley.umich.edu/news-events/magazine/citizen-grain/; “John H. Kellogg.” National Inventors Hall of Fame. Accessed May 22, 2025. https://www.invent.org/inductees/john-h-kellogg

  382.  National Peanut Board. “Who Invented Peanut Butter?” National Peanut Board. Accessed May 22, 2025. https://nationalpeanutboard.org/news/who-invented-peanut-butter/; Elizabeth Fee and Theodore M. Brown. 2002. “John Harvey Kellogg, MD: Health Reformer and Antismoking Crusader.” American Journal of Public Health 92(6): 935. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.92.6.935

  383.  Robert Havey. “Citizen Grain.” Bentley Historical Library. Accessed May 22, 2025. https://bentley.umich.edu/news-events/magazine/citizen-grain/

  384.  Post Consumer Brands. “History of Post Consumer Brands.”
    www.postconsumerbrands.com/our-history. Accessed October 28, 2025.

  385.  Teresa Nowakowski. January 12, 2025. “Motown Records, Founded on This Day in 1959, Broke Racial Barriers in Pop Music With Its Beloved Hits.” Smithsonian Magazine. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/motown-records-founded-on-this-day-in-1959-broke-racial-barriers-in-pop-music-with-its-beloved-hits-180985803/

  386.  Lauren Hunter. December 30, 2024. “How many number one hits did Motown produce?” Far Out. https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/how-many-number-one-hits-did-motown-produce/

  387.  Ibid.

  388.  Detroit Historical Society. “Supremes, The.” Detroit Historical Society. Accessed May 21, 2025. https://www.detroithistorical.org/learn/online-research/encyclopedia-of-detroit/supremes; Mary Wilson, interviewed by Library of Congress. April 2, 2018, transcript Library of Congress. https://www.loc.gov/static/programs/national-recording-preservation-board/documents/MaryWilsonInterview.pdf

  389.  Andrew R. Chow. February 20, 2020. “How Martin Luther King Jr. and Motown Saved the Sound of the Civil Rights Movement.” Time. https://time.com/5783939/mlk-jr-dream-speech-motown/

  390.  Andrew R. Chow. February 20, 2020. “How Martin Luther King Jr. and Motown Saved the Sound of the Civil Rights Movement.” Time. https://time.com/5783939/mlk-jr-dream-speech-motown/

  391.  Detroit Historical Society. “Motown Records.” Detroit Historical Society. Accessed May 21, 2025. https://www.detroithistorical.org/learn/online-research/encyclopedia-of-detroit/motown-records

  392.  Motown Museum. “The Biggest Names in Music History.” Motown Museum. Accessed May 21, 2025. https://www.motownmuseum.org/artist/

  393.  “Home.” MUDXV. Accessed May 20, 2025. https://mightyukeday.com/; “Mighty Uke Day 7.” Press Release. 2016. https://mightyukeday.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/MUD7-press-release.pdf; Matthew Dae Smith. May 9, 2025. “Video: “The ukulele brings us together, but the people keep us together.” Mighty Uke Day.” Lansing State Journal. https://www.lansingstatejournal.com/videos/news/local/2025/05/09/ukulele-flash-mob-kicks-off-2025-three-day-mighy-uke-day-ukulele-festival-in-east-lansing/83543259007/

  394.  PBS. “Lansing: Mighty Uke Day.” Destination Michigan season 9, episode 8. August 30, 2018. https://www.lansingstatejournal.com/videos/news/local/2025/05/09/ukulele-flash-mob-kicks-off-2025-three-day-mighy-uke-day-ukulele-festival-in-east-lansing/83543259007/

  395.  Movie-Locations.com. “Discover and visit movie locations in Michigan.” https://movie-locations.com/places/usa/michigan.php#google_vignette

  396.  “North Pole Express.” Steam Railroading Institute. Accessed May 22, 2025. https://michigansteamtrain.com/north-pole-express/; Tracy Samilton. December 16, 2013. “All Aboard! Real-Life Polar Express Chugs Through Michigan” Heard of All Things Considered. Transcript: https://www.npr.org/2013/12/16/251643965/all-aboard-real-life-polar-express-chugs-through-michigan

  397.  “Don’t Look Up.” IMDB. Accessed May 22, 2025. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt11286314/locations/

  398.  Terry Crews. November 19, 2016. Facebook post. https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=1304893759530980&id=197012976985736&set=a.206642972689403; “Terry Crews Biography.” IMDB. Accessed May 22, 2025. https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0187719/bio/

  399.  Rachel Paige. April 25, 2002. “Terry Crews Joins ‘Guardians of the Galaxy: Cosmic Rewind’ as Centurion Tal Marik.” Marvel. https://www.marvel.com/articles/culture-lifestyle/guardians-of-the-galaxy-cosmic-rewind-terry-crews-centurion-tal-marik

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